May 23, 2024  
2021-2022 Westminster College Catalog 
    
2021-2022 Westminster College Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Graduate Course Descriptions


The Graduate School

Courses

  • CE 701 - Advanced Adult Counseling I

    Semester Hours: 3

    The course provides students with advanced theories and techniques focused on the treatment of adults. The course focuses on therapeutic change in a variety of settings, emphasizing the counseling processes in individual, group, and family treatment. Topics covered in this course include creative interventions, crisis management, therapeutic involvement of significant others, and ethical concerns, among other areas.

  • CE 702 - Advanced Adult Counseling II

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course builds on the theoretical and experiential knowledge gained in Counseling the Adult I (CE 701) by preparing students for the practice of counseling adult clients. In this course, students are prepared to engage in utilizing newly learned frameworks of adult development, focusing on the systemic and the cumulative individual self as necessary considerations for meaningful therapeutic change. This course will focus on counseling skill development, assessment, and treatment of adult clients. Prerequisites: CE 701.

  • CE 703 - Traumatology & Crisis Intervention

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course provides students with theoretical and practical knowledge for assessing and treating trauma in children, adolescents, and adults. Additionally, students will review a wide variety of treatment modalities and approaches to crisis management. Topics for study also include disaster mental health, working PTSD and other victim populations, broad community- based interventions and advocacy.

  • CE 704 - Rural Health and Tele-Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course includes a comprehensive study of providing clinical mental health services to individuals in rural areas. Students will gain insight into the community structures of rural communities, the specific challenges related to providing clinical services in rural areas, and the relationship between community institutions and rural societies. Additionally, students will be introduced to the process of supplying counseling services at a distance; to include professional certification requirements, the provision of services, technologically based delivery methods, and ethical considerations.

  • CE 705 - Advanced Youth Counseling I

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course provides a comprehensive study of therapeutic approaches and techniques specific to children and adolescents. The course focuses on developing treatment practices for use in a wide variety of settings in individual, group, and family formats. Additionally, this course provides an overview of contemporary strategies, approaches and issues related to working with children and adolescents.

  • CE 706 - Advanced Youth Counseling II

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course builds on the theoretical and experiential knowledge gained in Advanced Child and Adolescent Counseling (CE 705) by preparing students for the practice of counseling children and adolescents. In this course, students are prepared to engage in utilizing newly learned frameworks of child development, focusing on the systemic and the cumulative individual self as necessary considerations for meaningful therapeutic change. This course will focus on counseling skill development, assessment, and treatment of children and adolescents. Prerequisites: CE 705.

  • CE 810 - Counseling Foundations

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of the historical, philosophical, legal and ethical foundations of counseling and current issues in the provision of K-12 counseling services.

  • CE 811 - Ethical & Legal Issues Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course focuses on the study of ethics, law, and professional issues related to the delivery of counseling services. Included within the course is detailed study of counseling history, philosophy, roles, supervision practices, and trends related to ethical practice in all counseling specialty areas. Students engage in applying professional codes of ethics, practicing ethical decision making through case study, as well as identifying and resolving ethical dilemmas.

  • CE 812 - DSM Diagnosis

    Semester Hours: 3

    The purpose of the course is to provide the student with the necessary skills to apply diagnosis to clients in a variety of settings using the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The course serves as an introduction to the DSM-5, requiring students to gain an in-depth understanding of the criteria for diagnosis of mental health disorders. The course of study includes learning historical and current trends in diagnosis as well as a focus on developing a sense for evidence-based practice. Upon completing the course, students will be prepared to move toward case conceptualization and treatment planning.

  • CE 813 - Case Conceptualizations

    Semester Hours: 3

    The purpose of the course is to provide the student with the necessary skills to develop treatment plans, effectively navigate complex cases, and apply DSM-5 diagnoses to clients in a variety of clinical settings. Additionally, students are prepared to enact treatment plans and engage in ongoing assessment of effectiveness for treatment interventions. The course will be delivered using a wide variety of methods including lecture, readings, case studies, group activities, and media. Prerequisite Courses: CE 812.

  • CE 814 - Counseling Supervision

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course provides the theoretical foundations for clinical supervision and consultation across counseling specialty areas. Additionally, this course enables students to develop supervisory skills through the mentorship of other counseling students. The act of supervision and consultation within the practice of counseling allows for the continued development of counseling skill, sense of professional identity, as well as exploration and personal growth.

  • CE 815 - Family Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course provides students with historical, theoretical and practical skills to engage in the provision of marital and family counseling. This course provides students with a wide variety of theoretical perspectives and evidence-based treatments that emphasize systemic treatment. Additionally, the course provides students with perspectives on current trends in the treatment of issues related to marriage and family counseling.

  • CE 820 - Elementary/Secondary Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    An in-depth analysis of the development, administration and evaluation of a comprehensive, K-12, developmentally based school counseling program. The focus will be the American School Counselor’s Nationally Recognized Model Program.

  • CE 830 - Group Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    A course designed to provide students with a theoretical and experiential foundation in group counseling. Developing, facilitating and participation in the group process will augment the acquisition of knowledge of group dynamics and group counseling.

  • CE 840 - Career Development & Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of the theories of career development, assessment, decision-making and program development with regular and exceptional student populations. Practical utilization of electronic and conventional career resources will be highlighted.

  • CE 850 - Techniques of Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    A thorough exploration of the nature of helping relationships with intensive didactic and experiential activities designed to develop basic interviewing and counseling skills.

  • CE 870 - Advanced Topics School Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of curricular design, pupil services personnel, current professional issues, exceptional students, consultation, and grant proposal writing, implementation and reporting.

  • CE 890 - Counseling Theories and Practice

    Semester Hours: 3

    An in-depth examination of the major theories of counseling with particular emphasis on practic This course enables students to deepen awareness and skills in teaching and counseling with individuals from diverse cultural groups.al application of theory-based interventions.

  • CE 910 - Adv Multicultural Counseling

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course enables students to deepen awareness and skills in teaching and counseling with individuals from diverse cultural groups.

  • CE 950 - Independent Study

    Semester Hours: 1

  • CE 981 - School Counseling Practicum

    Semester Hours: 3

    An intensive, one-hundred hour field placement in an appropriate setting providing individual and group counseling to students under the supervision of an experienced counselor. Requires completed placement application and approval of program coordinator. Liability insurance required. Prerequisites: Research class, CE 810 Foundations of Counseling, 820 Intro to Elementary and Secondary School Counseling, CE 830 Group Counseling and CE 850 Techniques of Counseling.

  • CE 983 - Clinical Counseling Practicum

    Semester Hours: 3

  • CE 991 - School Counseling Internship I

    Semester Hours: 3

    A school-based, field experience under the supervision of an experienced counselor, grades PreK-6. Must meet state required clock hours. Private liability insurance is required. Prerequisites: CE 981 School Counseling Practicum and permission of program coordinator.

  • CE 992 - Clinical Counseling Internship I

    Semester Hours: 3

  • CE 993 - School Counseling Internship II

    Semester Hours: 3

    A school-based field experience under the supervision of an experienced counselor, grades 7-12. Must meet state required clock hours. Prerequisites: Successful completion of CE 981 Counseling Practicum.

  • CE 994 - Clinical Counseling Internship II

    Semester Hours: 3

  • EAD 810 - Community/Staff Relations

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study will be made of current techniques and methods designed to provide superior leadership in the area of group action. Problems of organization, coordination, motivation, evaluation, community relations and staff relations will receive major consideration.

  • EAD 826 - Curriculum & Instruction

    Semester Hours: 3

    A comprehensive course in curriculum theory and design which addresses pertinent curricular matters.

  • EAD 830 - Principles Educational Leadership

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of the principles of elementary, middle and secondary school organization, leadership and management. Course content includes the role of the principal in the following areas: curriculum development, professional development, instructional leadership, conflict resolution, collective bargaining, school budgeting, class scheduling, use of plant and facilities, and program evaluation. A field experience component is included in this course.

  • EAD 840 - Supervision of Curriculum

    Semester Hours: 3

    A course designed to develop competencies necessary for effective teacher supervision and evaluation by implementing the clinical supervision model and a variety of teacher appraisal techniques, as well as providing strategies to improve classroom instruction. A field experience component is included in this course.

  • EAD 850 - School Law

    Semester Hours: 3

    An overview of the legal aspects of education. Consideration is given to legal terms, the use of books of law, and the general principles of laws which affect teachers, administrators, school boards and parents. Topics include political structures, religion and public education, rights and responsibilities of students and teachers, equal opportunity, and tort liability. A field experience component is included in this course.

  • EAD 860 - Public School Finance & Economics

    Semester Hours: 3

    A general analysis of typical problems in the areas of school finance and economics. Encouraging and developing local support, acquiring federal funds, other sources of school funding, budgeting, accounting, financial long-range planning, and the nurturing of financial resources are among the topics studied. A field experience component is included in this course.

  • EAD 900 - Superintendency

    Semester Hours: 3

    An introduction to the world of school district management. The focus is on the superintendent’s role as a leader. The course is designed to explore the responsibilities and challenges of the position. The course includes a study of school board-superintendent relations, administrative theory and practice, conflict resolution, interpersonal relations, policy planning, goal setting and similar topics.

  • EAD 901 - Business Affairs & Resource Mgmt

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course leads to the development of an understanding of the evolution and practice of business affairs and resource management and basic education. Students acquire knowledge of concepts and language of the field and use same to articulate, formulate and solve problems, identify major issues and recognize that efficient business affairs practices promote effective learning.

  • EAD 902 - Strategic Planning: Env Stud Achiev

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of theoretical and practical problems in planning, designing, building and maintaining educational facilities. Experiences also include legal, demographic, and political factors involved in the management of educational facilities.

  • EAD 903 - Collective Bargaining&Human Resourc

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of the collective bargaining process and the management of human resources in public education. Focus is on development and implementation of contracts for non-professional, professional and administrative personnel. Bargaining issues, techniques, strategies and tactics are examined.

  • EAD 970 - Topics in School Leadership

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of topics such as special education, elementary education, secondary education, vocational education, community education, declining enrollments, financing schools, local control, and management-employee relations. The impact upon the school administrator is the focal point.

  • EAD 971 - Topics In School Leadership

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of topics such as special education, elementary education, secondary education, vocational education, community education, declining enrollments, financing schools, local control, and management-employee relations. The impact upon the school administrator is the focal point.

  • EAD 980 - School Admin&Superv Internship

    Semester Hours: 3

    An opportunity will be provided to learn about school administration by actually working with a school administrator. Seminars and individual conferences will be arranged during this experience.

  • EAD 990 - Internship-Superintendent

    Semester Hours: 3

    This clinical experience is designed to facilitate the development of central office administrative skills. Emphasis will be upon school board-administrative relations, community and public relations, curriculum and instruction, financial management, staff personnel, and facilities. Seminars and individual conferences will be arranged for study and analysis of the learning activities.

  • EAD 991 - Advanced Internship School Admin

    Semester Hours: 3

  • ED 710 - History & Philosophy of Education

    Semester Hours: 3

  • ED 801 - Foundations Graduate Studies

    Semester Hours: 3

  • ED 890 - Trends in Language Arts

    Semester Hours: 3

    Examines significant issues and questions in writing, reading, speaking, and listening in the classroom. Designed to assist teachers in helping children communicate effectively. There will be an emphasis on the teaching of writing and its’ coordination with interesting books and speaking/listening skills.

  • ED 910 - Topics in Education

    Semester Hours: 3

  • ED 911 - Seminar

    Semester Hours: 3

  • ED 940 - Research

    Semester Hours: 3

    Current research and trends in education. The course is designed to involve the student, through independent research and seminar-type discussion, in an analysis of significant contemporary issues in education.

  • ED 950 - Independent Study

    Semester Hours: 3

  • ED 970 - Topics In Education

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of topics such as early childhood education, inclusion, at-risk students, middle school and school demographics. As occasion demands, a modular approach is used.

  • ED 971 - Topics In Education

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of topics such as early childhood education, inclusion, at-risk students, middle school and school demographics. As occasion demands, a modular approach is used.

  • ED 973 - Topics In Education

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study of topics such as early childhood education, inclusion, at-risk students, middle school and school demographics. As occasion demands, a modular approach is used.

  • ELL 710 - English Language Learners

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course teaches competencies related to the instructional needs of students for whom English is not their first language. It will explore the language, culture, standards-based instruction, assessment, and professionalism needed to understand and teach linguistically diverse learners.

  • EP 740 - Human Development

    Semester Hours: 3

    A course in advanced educational psychology designed to develop deeper understanding of human development and learning. The course examines the contributions of major developmental theorists. A life course perspective is employed.

  • EP 810 - Assessment & Data Analysis

    Semester Hours: 3

    A study in the basic understanding of the approaches and purposes of assessment including the legal, ethical and statistical considerations of measurement. The course will focus on district testing programs, analysis of teacher-made tests and alternative assessment procedures.

  • EP 820 - Special Ed for School Leaders

    Semester Hours: 3

    The psychological implications for teaching gifted and/or cognitively and disabled children. Problems of the blind, the deaf, those defective in speech, and those with behavior problems are considered.

  • MBA 710 - Managing Communication and Info

    Semester Hours: 3

    Persuasive business written and oral communications are essential skills that are required for career advancement in nearly every management profession. In this class, you will learn how to communicate clearly and persuasively and to connect with their audience, in a way that inspires action.

  • MBA 720 - Acctg & Finance for Decision Makers

    Semester Hours: 3

    Students will develop the analytical skills needed to analyze corporate financial statements for use in financial analysis, and to interpret how accounting standards and managerial incentives affect the financial reporting process. You will gain an understanding of financial accounting fundamentals for prospective consumers of corporate financial information, such as managers, stockholders, financial analysts, creditors and other corporate stakeholders.

  • MBA 730 - Marketing Management

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course addresses how to design and implement the best combination of marketing efforts to carry out a firm’s strategy. You will gain an understanding of how the firm can benefit by creating and delivering value to its customers. An emphasis will be placed on stakeholders and skills in applying the analytical concepts and tools of marketing (segmentation and targeting, branding, pricing, distribution, and promotion).

  • MBA 740 - Business Law and Ethics

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course uses the global business context to present to you important legal, ethical and cultural challenges you will face as business leaders. Cases and materials will address how business leaders, constrained by law and motivated to act responsibly in a global context, should analyze relevant variables to make wise decisions.

  • MBA 750 - Bus Analytics & Strategic Mgmt

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course emphasizes the value and process of business analytics and strategic management. You will develop fundamental knowledge and skills for applying statistical and management science models to business decision making. Topics to be explored are an organization’s vision, mission, and an examination of the principles, techniques and models of organizational and environmental analysis.

  • MBA 751 - Data Mining for Managers

    Semester Hours: 3

    In this course you will be provided with a theoretical and practical understanding of core data mining concepts and techniques and hands-on experience in applying these techniques to practical real-word business problems. Less emphasis will be placed on the inner workings of each method and more on when and how to use each technique and how to interpret the results.

  • MBA 752 - Econometrics

    Semester Hours: 3

    In this course you will be provided with a theoretical and practical understanding of core data mining concepts and techniques and hands-on experience in applying these techniques to practical real-word business problems. Less emphasis will be placed on the inner workings of each method and more on when and how to use each technique and how to interpret the results.

  • MBA 753 - Risk Management

    Semester Hours: 3

    Firms face operational and financial risks every day. In this course you will study the various methods of handling these risks, including loss prevention, risk retention, self-insurance, corporate insurance programs, and capital markets.

  • MBA 760 - Human Capital Management

    Semester Hours: 3

    Human Capital Management will expose students to practical skills for the general manager who seeks to manage both other people and his or her own career with optimal effectiveness. Topics covered will be best practices in the design of recruiting, performance- evaluation, and compensation systems; how to develop people, manage workforce reductions, have difficult conversations; and how to manage corporate culture and change. You will also learn how to develop as a professional, navigate career transitions, and evaluate choices strategically.

  • MBA 761 - Leadership and Teams

    Semester Hours: 3

    Teams are a critical part of conducting business, helping to address challenging issues that require a diverse set of skills. Strong teams require capable leadership, attention to process, innovative ideas, excellent communication, and an appreciation for diversity. While much is known about what makes some teams more successful than others, few people are trained in how to effectively create, build, and manage teams. This course focuses on learnings and best practices in team formation, working on a team, leading teams, and managing multiple teams.

  • MBA 762 - Negotiation and Conflict Resolution

    Semester Hours: 3

    You will come to recognize the importance of negotiation and conflict resolution in a business. You will acquire a new catalog of negotiating and conflict resolution skills and develop a systematic and positive approach to negotiating with colleagues, bosses, clients, and other stakeholders.

  • MBA 763 - Leading Across Boundaries

    Semester Hours: 3

    Many businesses are global enterprises, operating beyond national boundaries and are subject to the forces of globalization. This course challenges the traditional approaches to management and organizational behavior by focusing on the international dimensions of leadership. To be successful, one must successfully lead in the global economy and appreciate the wide array of differences in cultures and social institutions. This course explores how cultures vary, how to recognize those variances and how to manage effectively within those environments.

  • MBA 770 - Operations Management

    Semester Hours: 3

    You will learn to observe and analyze an organization from a systems- or process-perspective. From this lens, you will learn to design, operate, and improve the systems that deliver goods and services through operations management tools such as process flow diagrams, lean management, and decision trees. This course aims to familiarize you with the major operational issues that confront managers, and provide you with the language, concepts, insights, and analytical tools to deal with these issues.

  • MBA 771 - Health Informatics

    Semester Hours: 3

    In this course you will explore environmental management form the perspectives of the government regulators, private corporations and nonprofit organizations. Environmental policy, proactive corporate environmental strategies, designing sound strategy will also be discussed. The tools developed in this course will aid those interested in competitive strategy, corporate social responsibility and the design of public policy.

  • MBA 772 - Patient Experience & Engagement

    Semester Hours: 3

    Patient-reported outcome measures include measures of health status, quality of life, and satisfaction with healthcare. This course provides an overview of the PRO measurement and research field, and discusses how to develop and evaluate a PROM with qualitative and quantitative methods. You will also explore the importance of understanding a patient’s genetic profile, the patient’s understanding of his or her illness, the patient’s culture’s values, beliefs, and norms to be considered toward illness and treatment, and the patient’s own goal for treatment and its outcome help form the basis for a team - based decision regarding the patient’s care.

  • MBA 773 - Policy & Fin. for Healthcare Deliv

    Semester Hours: 3

    In this course you will explore health policy and the essential tools and techniques of healthcare financial management, including healthcare accounting and financial statements, managing cash flow, billings and collections, making major capital investments, determining cost and using cost information in decision-making in a healthcare environment. You will also study health policy, i.e., the various ways in which the government plays a role in health and in the provision of health care. Also visited will be the accessibility, cost, quality of health care; the right to make decisions about our health; which are vitally tied to health policies

  • MBA 781 - Corporate Environmental Strategy

    Semester Hours: 3

    In this course you will explore the foundations of population health informatics, including information architecture, data standards and confidentiality as they pertain to population health management. You will also examine key concepts related to registries, electronic health records, epidemiological databases, bio surveillance, health promotion, and quality reporting in population health management.

  • MBA 782 - Managing Sustainable Operations

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course provides a set of tools and skills to identify, evaluate, and improve the sustainability of manufacturing and supply chain operations. It enables students to understand core concepts of industrial and commercial activities, in this way they will be able to design sustainable manufacturing, service and supply chain operations.

  • MBA 783 - Leadership for Sustain Innov/Design

    Semester Hours: 3

    Leading for Sustainable Innovation and Design. In today’s increasingly globalized, competitive, and rapidly evolving business environment, an organization’s people can be a valuable source of innovation and sustained competitive advantage. The overarching purpose of this course is to help students develop leadership skills to realize these ends in the contexts of early-stage entrepreneurial “startups” and intrapreneurial enterprises embedded within established organizational contexts and cultures. Emphasis is placed on skills needed to create sustainable value, and visionary leadership practices that harness purpose-driven missions to disrupt business as usual by creating solutions to world challenges that are sustainable.

  • REA 810 - Lang/Literacy Preschool/Elementary

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course examines the problems, issues and theories in teaching emergent through transitional readers from a socio-psycholinguist perspective. It includes studying the role of both the home and school in literacy development, examining factors that influence reading comprehension, exploring informal and formal assessment tools, and selecting strategies to foster young children’s continued growth in reading and writing. Special emphasis is placed on investigating the three language cueing systems. A 10-hour tutoring experience is required.

  • REA 820 - Lang/Literacy Middle/Secondary Schl

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course focuses on the psycholinguistic development of an independent reader. Issues that students encounter on a literacy continuum from middle school, through high school and into adulthood are examined. Strategies for improving reading and writing, fostering interpretive, critical, and creative readers and promoting interest in reading are considered. Particular attention is given to the reading problems and skills needed when using informational texts in the content areas. A 10-hour tutoring experience is required.

  • REA 830 - Adv Children’s/Young Adult Lit

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course is an in-depth study of the genres of literature for children and young adult literature. Discussion concerning the importance of fiction and non-fiction works in the elementary through high school classroom and the roles they play in student learning are pursued. Special attention is given to the examination of books that are reviewed in the literature and found especially noteworthy. The usefulness of literacy grants to support literacy learning is explored as well.

  • REA 850 - Assessment & Instruction

    Semester Hours: 3

    Instruction in the use of formal and informal methods of literacy assessment for emergent through independent readers with emphasis on readers with special needs as well as gifted readers.

  • REA 860 - Leadership School Literacy Program

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course enables literacy specialists and administrators to collaboratively investigate various methods for organizing and evaluating reading programs. Assessing literacy materials, programs, and state and national standards for the elementary and secondary classroom is a central focus. Working with struggling readers enables graduate students to explore comprehension as a meaning-making process and study ways to increase parental involvement. A 10-hour tutoring or supervising experience with teachers, parents, and administrators is required. Prerequisite: Minimum of one other reading specialist course.

  • REA 910 - Seminar Reading

    Semester Hours: 3

  • REA 980 - Practicum In Reading

    Semester Hours: 3

  • REA 990 - Literary Research Role of Rdg Spec

    Semester Hours: 3

  • SED 702 - Special Ed Beharior Management

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course is designed to provide a basic understanding of the characteristics of students with learning and behavior problems with respect to factors that influence the instructional environment while providing classroom management theory and practical applications for students who have special needs. Applied Behavior Analysis methods will be analyzed and programs for implementation examined.

  • SED 704 - Sem:Reading Strategies Spec Ed

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course is designed to provide specific instructional reading techniques and strategies to assist the learner who has been identified as being at-risk for failure due to poor reading skills or as having special needs. Students will examine literature and programs related to reading and the student with special needs.

  • SED 711 - Legal Issues in Special Education

    Semester Hours: 3

    The focus of the course is on the analysis of legislation, litigation, and administrative rulings related to special education. The course will emphasize the development of legally sound policies and procedures to ensure an appropriate education for students with disabilities.

  • SED 712 - Assessment in Special Ed

    Semester Hours: 3

    The course will emphasize the development and implementation of assessment procedures for students who have disabilities. Graduate students will become familiar with a variety of assessment instruments and techniques to administer to effectively evaluate children who have disabilities in PreK-8 settings.

  • SED 714 - High/Low Incidence Strategies

    Semester Hours: 3

    This course is designed to provide practical application of knowledge about learners who have high incidence disabilities and learners who have low incidence disabilities. Theory, best practices, regulations, and research as related to a practicum component in PreK-8 schools working with students who have special needs in a classroom setting will be examined. The goal of the course is to assist future special educators to prepare for the unique role of a teacher in a field that is rapidly changing as a result of shifts in public school policies, school reform, questions of efficacy, limitations of resources, teacher roles and expectations, and a